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Học tiếng Anh cùng Ted talks, Eric Haseltine: Đột phá khoa học lớn tiếp đến sẽ là gì?


Ted talk là một diễn đàn mở nhằm chia sẻ các ý tưởng tuyệt vời từ những diễn giả xuất chúng, hãy lắng nghe để mở mang kiến thức lẫn ngôn ngữ.

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0:12

Tonight, I'm going to share with you my passion for science.

0:16

I'm not talking about science that takes baby steps.

0:19

I'm talking about science that takes enormous leaps.

0:23

I'm talking Darwin, I'm talking Einstein,

0:27

I'm talking revolutionary science that turns the world on its head.

0:31

In a moment, I'm going to talk about two ideas that might do this.

0:35

I say "might"

0:37

because, with revolutionary ideas, most are flat wrong,

0:39

and even those that are right seldom have the impact

0:42

that we want them to have.

0:44

To explain why I picked two ideas in particular,

0:46

I'm going to start with a mystery.

0:48

1847, Vienna, Austria.

0:53

Ignaz Semmelweis was a somber, compulsively thorough doctor

0:56

who ran two maternity clinics.

0:58

They were identical except for one thing.

1:01

Women were dying of high fevers soon after giving birth

1:04

three times more often at one of the clinics than at the other.

1:08

Trying to figure out what the difference was that caused this,

1:11

Semmelweis looked at everything he could.

1:13

Sanitation? No.

1:15

Medical procedures? No.

1:18

Air flow? No.

1:20

The puzzle went unsolved until he happened to autopsy a doctor

1:24

who died of an infected scalpel cut.

1:26

The doctor's symptoms were identical to those of the mothers who were dying.

1:30

How was that possible?

1:31

How could a male doctor get the same thing as new mothers?

1:35

Semmelweis reconstructed everything the doctor had done

1:38

right before he got sick,

1:40

and he discovered that he'd been autopsying a corpse.

1:44

Had something gotten in his wound that killed him?

1:48

With growing excitement,

1:50

Semmelweis looked for any connection he could

1:53

between dead bodies in the morgue and dead mothers in his delivery room,

1:58

and he found it.

2:01

It turned out that at the hospital with the high death rate,

2:04

but not the others,

2:06

doctors delivered babies immediately after autopsying corpses in the morgue.

2:11

Aha! Corpses were contaminating the doctors' hands

2:15

and killing his mothers.

2:17

So he ordered the doctors to sterilize their hands,

2:20

and the deaths stopped.

2:23

Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis had discovered infectious disease.

2:28

But the doctors of the day thought he was crazy,

2:31

because they knew, and had for hundreds of years,

2:35

that odorous vapors called miasmas caused disease,

2:40

not these hypothetical particles that you couldn't see.

2:44

It took 20 years for Frenchman Louis Pasteur

2:49

to prove that Semmelweis was right.

2:51

Pasteur was an agricultural chemist