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Tonight, I'm going to share with you my passion for science.
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I'm not talking about science that takes baby steps.
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I'm talking about science that takes enormous leaps.
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I'm talking Darwin, I'm talking Einstein,
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I'm talking revolutionary science that turns the world on its head.
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In a moment, I'm going to talk about two ideas that might do this.
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I say "might"
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because, with revolutionary ideas, most are flat wrong,
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and even those that are right seldom have the impact
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that we want them to have.
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To explain why I picked two ideas in particular,
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I'm going to start with a mystery.
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1847, Vienna, Austria.
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Ignaz Semmelweis was a somber, compulsively thorough doctor
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who ran two maternity clinics.
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They were identical except for one thing.
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Women were dying of high fevers soon after giving birth
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three times more often at one of the clinics than at the other.
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Trying to figure out what the difference was that caused this,
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Semmelweis looked at everything he could.
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Sanitation? No.
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Medical procedures? No.
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Air flow? No.
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The puzzle went unsolved until he happened to autopsy a doctor
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who died of an infected scalpel cut.
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The doctor's symptoms were identical to those of the mothers who were dying.
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How was that possible?
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How could a male doctor get the same thing as new mothers?
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Semmelweis reconstructed everything the doctor had done
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right before he got sick,
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and he discovered that he'd been autopsying a corpse.
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Had something gotten in his wound that killed him?
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With growing excitement,
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Semmelweis looked for any connection he could
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between dead bodies in the morgue and dead mothers in his delivery room,
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and he found it.
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It turned out that at the hospital with the high death rate,
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but not the others,
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doctors delivered babies immediately after autopsying corpses in the morgue.
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Aha! Corpses were contaminating the doctors' hands
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and killing his mothers.
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So he ordered the doctors to sterilize their hands,
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and the deaths stopped.
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Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis had discovered infectious disease.
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But the doctors of the day thought he was crazy,
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because they knew, and had for hundreds of years,
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that odorous vapors called miasmas caused disease,
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not these hypothetical particles that you couldn't see.
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It took 20 years for Frenchman Louis Pasteur
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to prove that Semmelweis was right.
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Pasteur was an agricultural chemist