IELTS Preparation Series 2, Episode 24: New Training
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Hello. I'm Margot Politis. Welcome to Study English, IELTS preparation.
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Today we're going to talk about adverbs.
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Adverbs are useful because they give us more information about an action, event or situation.
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If I said they were very useful, that would be an example of using the adverb very to
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add to or modify the word useful
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But first, let's listen to our story about a new training program, to help fix the problem
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of there not being enough skilled workers in Australia.
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For too long, we didn't train enough people. We didn't put enough energy into getting people
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into apprenticeships and traineeships. We just let market forces, laissez-faire approach,
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dominate, and it didn't work.
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We've established a school apprenticeship link program, which this year will have 500
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young Western Australians, predominantly, but not totally, boys, providing them with
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apprenticeships basically that they can take up in the mining and other industries.
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Fortunately, I don't think it has been left too late, so long as we very proactively tackle
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the situation now and don't delay any longer.
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OK. Let's look more closely at adverbs.
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Adverbs work by modifying words. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs or preposition
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phrases.
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Using adverbs correctly will improve your communication skills.
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They answer such questions as how? how often?
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when? where?
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and why?
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Because they have different functions, it's useful to describe adverbs according to categories.
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Here are some of the categories that adverbs can be divided into:
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adverbs of frequency - occasionally, usually, frequently, often
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adverbs of place somewhere, here, outside
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adverbs of manner quickly, carefully, suddenly
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adverbs of degree really, fairly, very, rather, extremely
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and finally focusing adverbs specifically, only, particularly
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Did you notice that most of these adverbs end in the suffix -ly? Many adverbs are formed
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by adding -ly to an adjective. For example:
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frequent + ly - frequently
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careful + ly - carefully
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quick + ly - quickly
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real + ly - really
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Let's listen to Alan Carpenter, a State Government minister, talking about an apprenticeship
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program. He uses a number of -ly adverbs. Can you identify the category they belong
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to?
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We've established a school apprenticeship link program, which this year will have 500
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young Western Australians, predominantly, but not totally, boys, providing them with
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apprenticeships basically that they can take up in the mining and other industries.
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Alan uses the adverbs predominantly and totally.
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These are degree expressions. They're adverbs of degree.
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Adverbs of degree can answer questions such as to what extent or to what degree. They
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also function as modifiers of adjectives and adverbs.
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Look at this sentence:
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They will provide 500 young people, predominantly, but not totally, boys, with apprenticeships.
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predominantly, but not totally
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They answer the question: To what extent will the apprenticeships be offered to boys?
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predominantly, but not totally
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Let's listen to Dave Smith, head of the National Skills Shortages Task Force, talking about
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recruitments. He also uses a number of adverbs. Can you identify their category?
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Fortunately, I don't think it has been left too late, so long as we very proactively tackle
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the situation now and don't delay any longer.
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He says: So long as we very proactively tackle the situation.
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Proactively is an adverb of manner, which expresses how something happens or how something
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is done.
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In the sentence: We must very proactively tackle the situation, proactively modifies
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the verb tackle, saying how the situation should be tackled.
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Next to proactively we have another adverb, very. We saw this category of adverb earlier.
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It is an adverb of degree.
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Some adverbs of degree, however, can be further divided into intensifiers and downtoners.
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Adverbs that are intensifiers make adjectives stronger, and downtoners make adjectives weaker.
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In the sentence: "We must very proactively tackle the situation," the manner in which
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the situation is tackled is made stronger by adding the intensifier very.
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How proactively? Very proactively.
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Fortunately, I don't think it has been left too late, so long as we very proactively tackle
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the situation now and don't delay any longer.
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He also says: Fortunately, I don't think it's been left too late.
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Fortunately is an adverb in another category. We call it an attitude marker.
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The adverb fortunately expresses a viewpoint on a situation, and usually refers to the
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whole clause.
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Examples of other attitude markers include: hopefully, surprisingly, apparently and happily.
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OK. Now let's consider how many words and phrases used in English are borrowed from
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other languages.
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Some are pronounced as if they were English, for example questionnaire and restaurant are
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from French, but pronounced in an English way.
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However, other words reflect the spelling and pronunciation of the original language
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- like détente, and ballet.
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English borrows words easily. These words fill gaps in our language. Most of the vocabulary
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in English for ballet, for example, derives from French.
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Let's listen to Alan Carpenter talking. Can you identify the foreign word and the language
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from which it was borrowed?
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We didn't put enough energy into getting people into apprenticeships and traineeships. We
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just let market forces, laissez-faire approach, dominate, and it didn't work.
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He uses the phrase laissez-faire.
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Laissez-faire is a borrowing from French.
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It closely reflects the pronunciation of the original language, and the original spelling.
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Do you know the meaning of the phrase?
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Generally, it means non-interference or not getting involved, allowing things to act of
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their own accord.
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Here are some other French words that are commonly used in English: au fait, faux pas,
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Grand Prix, encore and entourage - and you can look them up in the dictionary.
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OK. So today we've looked at adverbs, and then talked about words borrowed from other
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languages into English.
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To find more on today's story, and lots of other help and information, you can go to
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our website at abcasiapacific.com/studyenglish. I'll see you next time for more. Bye bye.
