IELTS Preparation Series 2, Episode 10: Durians
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Hello. I'm Margot Politis. Welcome to Study English, IELTS preparation.
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Today, we're going to look at the use of pronouns in a story about durian orchards.
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English uses a range of pronouns for different functions. For example, there are personal
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pronouns, possessive pronouns, demonstrative pronouns and reflexive pronouns.
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Today, we're going to look at demonstrative and reflexive pronouns.
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But first we're going to meet Laura Fitzgerald, a durian researcher. She is describing a durian
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leaf. Listen to how she uses the demonstrative pronouns this and that.
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This is the underside of the leaf and we're seeing it at a 406 times magnification. These
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are the hairs that you see here. This is one of the reproductive structures of the pathogen
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and it's called a sporangia and what's happened is, it's been in a drop of rain and it's splashed
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on to the underside of the leaf and it's gotten caught in the hairs and it's what we call
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germinated and started to grow across the surface of the leaf.
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New research is investigating ways of inoculating, or vaccinating, durian trees grown in orchards
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with the good fungi to help the plant protect itself from disease.
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She says:
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This is the underside.
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These are the hairs.
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Demonstrative pronouns demonstrate both distance and number - how close something is, and how
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many there are.
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We can show this on a table.
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This is used for singular nouns that are near to you.
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These are used for plural nouns that are near to you.
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Laura is looking at a durian leaf, and referring to part of it. The leaf is very close to her,
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so Laura refers to it using the demonstrative pronouns for near things: this and these.
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This is the underside.
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These are the hairs.
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Now listen to Dr David Guest discussing the effect of the typhoon on the durian orchards.
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In 1994 in Thailand there was a typhoon around Chanta Buri, which is the main growing area.
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What happened after that typhoon is that some of the trees were damaged by the strong winds,
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but after that typhoon there was an epidemic of phytophthora, and some orchards were completely
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destroyed by that epidemic.
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He says:
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that typhoon
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that epidemic
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That is a demonstrative pronoun used with singular nouns that are far away.
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Those is used with plural nouns that are far away.
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The typhoon was distant or far away from the speaker. It was in Chanta Buri, Thailand.
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The typhoon was also distant in time. It was years ago, in 1994. This is why he refers
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to it as 'that typhoon'.
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So demonstrative pronouns apply not only to spatial relations near and far, but also to
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time relations now and then.
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In both cases, the pronouns convey distance.
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Let's look at some examples.
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I like this new movie better than that old one.
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This movie means a recent movie, a movie close to 'now' in time.
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That movie means an older movie, more distant in time.
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These biscuits are nicer than those.
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'These biscuits' means they are physically close to the speaker. 'Those biscuits' are