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IELTS Preparation Series 3, Episode 24: Word Formation


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0:13

Hello, and welcome to Study English, IELTS Preparation. I'm Margot Politis.

0:18

A useful skill in all aspects of English is knowing how new words are formed with prefixes

0:25

and suffixes, and how adding those prefixes and suffixes changes the meanings of words.

0:32

First, let's watch this story about recycling wooden barrels - or kegs - for storing wine.

0:39

Listen carefully for words that have a prefix, or a suffix - or both:

0:45

Wine involves a great deal of recycling. Not recycling the wine itself, but the barrels

0:52

and the kegs that wine is stored in. The barrel's very important. The wood it's made from imparts

0:59

flavour and texture and character to the wine. But after a while the wood loses those qualities

1:05

and the barrel has to be taken apart, the wood refurbished, the barrel put back together.

1:13

From vineyards around Australia, tired old barrels arrive to be renewed. Glenn is a cooper,

1:20

practising an ancient craft with its own language.

1:24

Well, when they come in, we just start taking the ends out of the barrels, loosening the

1:29

hoops on one end, take the head out, retighten it, turn the barrel over and do the same thing

1:35

so that we've opened both ends of the barrel. And we use a grinder with a rotary planer

1:40

head on it to shave, say, four or five mill out of the inside of that barrel so that we

1:45

expose all the fresh oak flavours. The barrel is dismantled. You get different-width staves.

1:51

You get wider ones, you get narrower ones. But you might say, "Why don't they make a

1:56

square barrel?" Well, they have, and it didn't work. So coopering lives on.

2:02

A word that cannot be broken down into parts is called the root, or base word. A prefix

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may be added to the beginning of a word, changing the meaning. And a suffix may be added to

2:15

the end of a word. Let's look at one example.

2:18

From vineyards around Australia, tired old barrels arrive to be renewed.

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Let's look at the word 'renewed'. The base, or root word is 'new', the opposite of old.

2:32

It's an adjective. A prefix 're' can be added before the word. The word is now 'renew'.

2:40

Adding this prefix not only changes the meaning, it changes the function of the word. 'Renew'

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is a verb. The prefix 're' means 'again'. So the new word is a verb that means 'to make

2:54

new again'.

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The suffix 'ed' has a grammatical function you probably know - it changes the tense of

3:02

the verb to simple past tense. So the meaning of 'renewed' is 'made new again'.

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Tired old barrels arrive to be made new again.

3:15

There are some other examples of the prefix 're' in that story. Listen:

3:20

Wine involves a great deal of recycling. Not recycling the wine itself, but the barrels

3:27

and the kegs that wine is stored in. But after a while the wood loses those qualities and

3:33

the barrel has to be taken apart, the wood refurbished, the barrel put back together.

3:39

Well, when they come in, we just start taking the ends out of the barrels, loosening the

3:44

hoops on one end, take the head out, retighten it, turn the barrel over and do the same thing

3:50

so that we've opened both ends of the barrel.

3:53

The three words were: recycled, refurbished and retighten.

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Recycled means to treat something so that it can be used again. Refurbished means restored

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- made better, and to retighten, is simply to tighten again. There is another suffix

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that can be added to 'refurbish' - 'ment'. This suffix carries the meaning of 'an action,

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process or result of', so refurbishment is the process of refurbishing something.

4:29

There are many words in English that use this suffix: development; government; employment;

4:39

entertainment; to name just a few.

4:43

Now, we've heard a bit about the pro