IELTS Preparation Series 1, Episode 12: Carbon Cycle
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Hello, I'm Margot Politis. Welcome again to Study English, IELTS preparation.
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Today, we're going to look at cycles, at phrasal verbs, and then we'll finish with a bit of
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punctuation.
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But now, here's a man who is a microbiologist and a mushroom grower.
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He's talking about mushrooms, and the part they play in the carbon cycle.
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They occur naturally in the forests as wood degrading fungi. That's their job. When trees
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die, they grow on the tree. They break down the lignin and the cellulose, which is the
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most resistant form of carbon, and they break it down, produce mushrooms and, in turn, you
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end up with organic matter going back into the soil, and so the carbon cycle in the forest
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goes on.
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The speaker, Noel Arrold, is talking about how mushrooms grow naturally.
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They are an important part of the carbon cycle, but what is a cycle?
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A cycle is a process that is repeated over and over. It goes around and around.
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But how do we know this from listening to Noel?
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When trees die, they grow on the tree. They break down the lignin and the cellulose, which
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is the most resistant form of carbon, and they break it down, produce mushrooms and,
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in turn, you end up with organic matter going back into the soil, and so the carbon cycle
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in the forest goes on.
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He says: and so the carbon cycle in the forest goes
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on.
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By saying the cycle goes on he is telling us that this process happens again and again.
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At the end of the description, you need to signal that the process goes back to the beginning
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again.
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We can say:
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The process goes on.
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The process begins again.
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The process repeats itself.
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In a cycle, there is no real end or beginning, because the process just keeps going.
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When describing a cycle, we need to start somewhere, then describe, in order, each part
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of the cycle.
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There are many different ways of describing the stages of a cycle. We can use transitional
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signals like when, once, then, or next. When speaking, you can also use pauses and intonation
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to describe a cycle. In written language, this becomes punctuation.
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Listen to Noel Arrold again describing the different parts of the cycle.
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When trees die, they grow on the tree.
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He says:
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When trees die, they grow on the tree.
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When trees die comma, they grow on the tree.
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The first part of the cycle is that the trees die.
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The second part is that when the trees die, fungi grow on the trees.
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That's the next stage.
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When trees die, they grow on the tree.
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They break down the lignin and the cellulose, which is the most resistant form of carbon,
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and they break it down, produce mushrooms.
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OK, he says that the fungi break down the lignin and the cellulose. They break down
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the tree.
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So the third stage is that the fungi bre