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IELTS Preparation Series 1, Episode 12: Carbon Cycle


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Xem lời thoại bên dưới:

0:14

Hello, I'm Margot Politis. Welcome again to Study English, IELTS preparation.

0:20

Today, we're going to look at cycles, at phrasal verbs, and then we'll finish with a bit of

0:25

punctuation.

0:27

But now, here's a man who is a microbiologist and a mushroom grower.

0:33

He's talking about mushrooms, and the part they play in the carbon cycle.

0:37

They occur naturally in the forests as wood degrading fungi. That's their job. When trees

0:43

die, they grow on the tree. They break down the lignin and the cellulose, which is the

0:48

most resistant form of carbon, and they break it down, produce mushrooms and, in turn, you

0:55

end up with organic matter going back into the soil, and so the carbon cycle in the forest

1:00

goes on.

1:00

The speaker, Noel Arrold, is talking about how mushrooms grow naturally.

1:09

They are an important part of the carbon cycle, but what is a cycle?

1:15

A cycle is a process that is repeated over and over. It goes around and around.

1:22

But how do we know this from listening to Noel?

1:25

When trees die, they grow on the tree. They break down the lignin and the cellulose, which

1:31

is the most resistant form of carbon, and they break it down, produce mushrooms and,

1:37

in turn, you end up with organic matter going back into the soil, and so the carbon cycle

1:42

in the forest goes on.

1:45

He says: and so the carbon cycle in the forest goes

1:49

on.

1:50

By saying the cycle goes on he is telling us that this process happens again and again.

1:57

At the end of the description, you need to signal that the process goes back to the beginning

2:02

again.

2:03

We can say:

2:04

The process goes on.

2:07

The process begins again.

2:09

The process repeats itself.

2:12

In a cycle, there is no real end or beginning, because the process just keeps going.

2:18

When describing a cycle, we need to start somewhere, then describe, in order, each part

2:26

of the cycle.

2:28

There are many different ways of describing the stages of a cycle. We can use transitional

2:33

signals like when, once, then, or next. When speaking, you can also use pauses and intonation

2:44

to describe a cycle. In written language, this becomes punctuation.

2:49

Listen to Noel Arrold again describing the different parts of the cycle.

2:54

When trees die, they grow on the tree.

2:59

He says:

3:00

When trees die, they grow on the tree.

3:04

When trees die comma, they grow on the tree.

3:09

The first part of the cycle is that the trees die.

3:13

The second part is that when the trees die, fungi grow on the trees.

3:19

That's the next stage.

3:21

When trees die, they grow on the tree.

3:25

They break down the lignin and the cellulose, which is the most resistant form of carbon,

3:30

and they break it down, produce mushrooms.

3:33

OK, he says that the fungi break down the lignin and the cellulose. They break down

3:40

the tree.

3:42

So the third stage is that the fungi bre