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IELTS Preparation Series 1, Episode 2: Vitamin D


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0:02

Hello. I'm Margot Politis. Welcome to Study English, IELTS preparation.

0:20

Today, we're going to look at ways of discussing a topic. When you're writing or speaking,

0:26

you can present facts, or you can use your opinion - but how can you tell the difference?

0:32

Today we'll find out.

0:34

We're going to listen to a scientist talking about Vitamin D and cancer.

0:40

In the clip, see if you can hear both facts and opinions being used.

0:47

I believe that the public health problem for vitamin D deficiency is quite significant.

0:53

I would estimate minimum 25% of adults in the United States, Europe and probably even

1:00

in Australia are vitamin D deficient.

1:04

I mean if you think about it, over 250,000 women in the United States will develop breast

1:09

cancer this year. Something like 50,000 will die. If 25% of those breast cancers could

1:15

have been averted, prevented in some way, just by having a little exposure to sunlight,

1:21

would have been really tremendous.

1:23

So he was talking about the links between vitamin D and cancer.

1:29

Many Australians these days are avoiding the sun, because they know it can cause skin cancer.

1:35

But by avoiding the sun, they're missing out on vitamin D - the vitamin that you get from

1:41

sunshine, and this is leading to other health problems.

1:46

When you're reading, writing or listening to an argument like this, it's important to

1:52

be able to tell the difference between statements of fact, and statements of opinion.

1:58

But how can you tell the difference?

2:00

Well, there are a number of ways you can express your opinion.

2:04

Today we're going to look at two of these: using phrases that express an opinion; and

2:10

using modal verbs.

2:12

First, let's look at some phrases.

2:15

The key words to listen for when you're trying to decide whether someone is talking about

2:20

facts or opinions are words like believe, think, argue, feel, opinion, or view.

2:32

These vary from formal to informal.

2:35

If I was talking with my friends, I might say, "I think" or "I believe"

2:42

If I was in a class or tutorial, I might say, "In my opinion", or "in my view".

2:48

But if I was writing an essay, or giving a very formal talk, I'd probably choose, "it

2:56

is believed", or "it is thought".

3:00

In formal writing, many people think you should avoid using the word 'I', even if you are

3:06

giving an opinion.

3:07

Here's the clip again. Listen for some of those phrases.

3:13

I believe that the public health problem for vitamin D deficiency is quite significant.

3:18

I mean if you think about it, over 250,000 women in the United States will develop breast

3:23

cancer this year. Something like 50,000 will die.

3:26

Another way we can express opinions is by using modal verbs.

3:32

Model verbs express opinions and attitudes. They make statements less certain or less

3:39

definite.

3:40

They can also be used for recommending and advising.

3:45

Here are the modal verbs used for opinions: would

3:50

should could

3:53

might

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These words signal that the speaker is giving an opinion.

4:00

Look at these examples. Can you tell which ones are facts, and which ones are opinions?

4:07

Fifty thousand will die. Fifty thousand might die.

4:14

The second statement uses might - it is an opinion.