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IELTS Preparation Series 1, Episode 5: Global Warming


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0:00

Hello. I'm Margot Politis. Welcome to Study English, IELTS preparation.

0:20

Today we're going to look at a topic you've probably heard a lot about - global warming

0:25

and the environment.

0:26

First we're going to look at ways of brainstorming, taking notes and developing ideas.

0:33

Watch while we play some vision that contains ideas about the causes and effects of global

0:38

warming.

0:40

While you watch, try to note down some of your ideas about what global warming is.

0:49

OK so you saw some ideas, and perhaps took some notes, during that clip. What were some

1:08

of the ideas you saw?

1:11

What has caused global warming?

1:31

We saw gases in the air, cars, factory waste, and people cutting trees down.

1:41

So if you made those notes, you'd get an idea that these were the things causing global

1:45

warming.

1:47

Now let's listen to someone talk about the causes.

1:50

Heat-trapping gases are building up in the atmosphere.

1:54

Heat-trapping gases are building up in the atmosphere. What else?

2:01

So what is global warming? It's the result of billions of decisions. It's caused by decisions

2:07

made by individuals - like driving big cars rather than small cars. And it's caused by

2:12

decisions made by corporations and nations, like dumping waste into the atmosphere.

2:16

Global warming is caused by about people using big cars, and people dumping waste into the

2:22

atmosphere.

2:23

OK, so you've looked at the vision, and listened to the speaker, and you've made notes about

2:30

some of the causes of global warming.

2:33

Now let's look for some of the effects.

2:35

So after watching that, you might be thinking that global warming is having an effect on

2:52

weather patterns, and on nature.

2:55

Listen to the speaker.

2:57

Nature is already responding to global warming. There have been changes in global weather

3:01

patterns.

3:02

Trees are flowering earlier. Birds are laying eggs earlier. Butterflies are moving up hills.

3:07

So there's been weather changes, and changes to the ways trees, birds and butterflies behave.

3:16

So we have a list of causes, and list of effects. You might have identified those things from

3:24

a text you've read, or from listening to someone speak. This is how you can take notes.

3:31

Once you've got your notes, you need to be able to link those causes and effects in sentences.

3:38

Let's look at a couple of different ways.

3:41

The first and most basic way is just making a sequence of statements. This can sometimes

3:47

be a powerful way of making a connection between things. Listen.

3:53

Heat-trapping gases are building up in the atmosphere. Trees are flowering earlier. Birds

3:58

are laying eggs earlier, and butterflies are moving up hills.

4:02

From the sequence of information, we realise that birds are laying their eggs earlier because

4:08

gases are making the earth warmer. So a simple list of statements can show a

4:14

cause and effect relationship.

4:17

But there are other ways too.

4:20

You can use the language of cause and effect. We can say:

4:24

X causes Y.

4:28

Driving cars causes air pollution.

4:31

There are many other word choices as well.

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Driving cars leads to air pollution.

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Driving cars results in air pollution.

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Notice you can also turn the sentence around.

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Air pollution is caused by driving cars.

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Air pollution is the result of driving cars.

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Air pollution is due to driving cars.

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Listen to an example here.

5:02

There have been changes in global weather patterns.

5:04

Trees are flowering earlier. Birds are laying eggs earlier. Butterflies are moving up hills.

5:10

So what is global warming? It is the result of billions of individual decisions.

5:15

He's talking about global warming.

5:18

Global warming is the result of billions of decisions.

5:23

Global warming is due to billions of decisions.

5:29

And remember we can turn the sentence around, and change the phrase:

5:35

Billions of decisions cause global warming.

5:40

Billions of decisions result in global warming.

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Billions of decisions lead to global warming.

5:49

When you're writing about causes and effects, make sure you use a variety of these kinds

5:55

of phrases. There are many to choose from. You should make lists of cause and effect

6:00

language, and the kinds of vocabulary you can use to describe cause and effect relationships.

6:07

Now listen to another clip.

6:09

Trees are flowering earlier. Birds are laying eggs earlier. Butterflies are moving up hills.

6:15

So what is global warming? It is the result of billions of individual decisions.

6:20

When you're writing up your notes using cause and effect language, you'll need to be able

6:25

to follow or track the subject of the text.

6:29

Let's look at that now.

6:31

What is global warming? It is the result of billions of individual decisions.

6:36

The word 'it' here is called a referent. We use referents to identify and track subjects

6:43

through a conversation or a piece of writing.

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If you repeat the subject too many times, your work will sound boring.

6:51

Listen to this:

6:54

The woman came into the room. The woman sat down. The woman drank her tea.

7:00

Look at how we use referents:

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The woman came into the room. She sat down. She drank her tea.

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When you are reading, you'll need to be able to understand referents, and follow the subject

7:17

through the text.

7:19

Other referents are: this, that, these, those.

7:26

Here's the clip again. Listen to the way the referents are used.

7:31

What is global warming? It is the result of billions of individual decisions.

7:35

The word it here refers to global warming.

7:39

What is global warming? Global warming is the result of billions of decisions.

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And here's another referent:

7:48

What is global warming? It is the result of billions of individual decisions.

7:52

You can't manage that at the scale of the individual.

7:55

He says: You can't manage that at the scale of the

7:58

individual.

8:00

He means: You can't manage global warming at the scale

8:04

of the individual.

8:06

But notice how the subject changes here.

8:09

What is global warming? It's the result of billions of individual decisions.

8:13

You can't manage that at the scale of the individual.

8:17

Managing the atmosphere has to take place at a global level. That's why it needs international

8:22

agreements.

8:22

Managing the atmosphere has to take place at a global level.

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The subject of this sentence is 'managing the atmosphere'.

8:32

That's why it needs international agreement.

8:37

So the 'it' here no longer refers to global warming. Now 'it' is referring to 'managing

8:43

the atmosphere'.

8:45

That's why managing the atmosphere needs international agreement.

8:51

When reading and writing, you must be very careful to notice when subjects change, and

8:56

to be clear about which subject is being referred to. This can be quite tricky sometime.

9:03

Next time you see a paragraph, try to highlight all the referents like:

9:08

it this

9:10

that these

9:12

those he

9:14

she they

9:17

Then try to work out what subject they are all referring back to.

9:22

It's a great exercise, and it will help your reading, writing and speaking skills.

9:28

And that's all for today. Hope you keep enjoying your English studies and Study English! I'll

9:34

see you next time.

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